Ancient Egyptian Maritime Exploration: Evidence and Legacy in the Mediterranean and Red Sea

The question of whether the ancient Egyptians conducted maritime exploration in the Mediterranean is an intriguing one. While direct accounts are sparse, recent archaeological evidence and historical records provide significant insights into their seagoing activities and the extent of their nautical capabilities.

Documented Voyages and Egyptian Maritime Ambition

The only documented maritime expedition involving the ancient Egyptians in the Mediterranean took place under the sponsorship of Pharaoh Necho II during the 7th century BCE. According to Histories by Herodotus, Necho II commissioned a voyage led by a mix of Phoenician and Egyptian sailors. Despite being one of the few documented instances, this expedition signifies a level of naval and exploration ambition from the ancient Egyptians.

Attitudes Towards the Sea and Its Pioneers

It is important to note that the ancient Egyptians were not exactly enthusiastic about the sea, as indicated by various sources. For instance, Plutarch wrote that they associated the sea with Typhon, the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian god of chaos Seth. However, despite this seemingly negative perception, there is substantial evidence suggesting that some Egyptians did sail along the coast, particularly to secure essential resources like cedar wood, which was vital for building their pyramids.

Pharaoh Sneferu, who reigned during the 4th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, required extensive labor and materials to construct his pyramids. The Palermo Stone records the construction of timber ships and the capture of boats for cedar wood, indicating that such maritime activities were not uncommon.

Red Sea Expeditions and Trade

Recent archaeological discoveries in the Red Sea have shed light on the extent of the Egyptians' maritime endeavors. In 2014, members of the French Institute of Archaeology in Cairo and the Sorbonne University discovered remains of a monumental harbor near Wadi el-Jarf. Dated to around 4600 years ago, dating to the reign of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, these findings suggest that Egyptians were actively engaged in maritime activities.

The harbor included several stone sea anchors, a clear indication of the Egyptians' knowledge and use of maritime technology. This evidence supports the notion that the Egyptians were sophisticated seafarers, capable of navigating and anchoring in the Red Sea.

Hierarchy and Specialization in Egyptian Crews

The ancient Egyptians had a well-structured system for managing their maritime expeditions and crews. Various terms exist in Egyptian language to describe different personnel roles. Seqedu denoted sailors familiar with the use of sails, while nefeu ist and aper were generic terms for crew members. Other roles included uau, which could refer to either army or maritime service personnel.

During the New Kingdom, a more complex hierarchy of maritime roles emerged, including terms such as 'fleet captain', 'captain of the ships of the king', and 'ship's captain'. These roles demonstrate the sophisticated nature of ancient Egyptian maritime operations and the breadth of their nautical knowledge.

Architectural and Artistic Evidence

The tomb art of Queen Hapshetsut, a female Pharaoh dating back to 1480 BCE, depicts a grand sea adventure. While the specifics are not entirely clear, the imagery suggests that the Egyptians were capable of extensive maritime voyages, supporting the notion of their seapower and exploration.

Efforts like those of Cheryll Ward, a maritime archaeologist, in recreating an Egyptian ship from around 3800 years ago, using traditional materials and local craftsmen, further underscore the Egyptians' deep-seated relationship with the sea. These recreations allow us to gain practical insight into the construction and navigation techniques of ancient Egyptian ships.

Conclusion

The ancient Egyptians, although not the most famous navigators of the ancient world, were clearly engaged in significant maritime activities. From regular coastal sails and timber expeditions to more ambitious ventures in the Red Sea, they demonstrated a remarkable level of maritime competence and knowledge. As they continued to engage in trade and exploration, the legacy of their sea power and specialized terminology highlights their sophisticated understanding of the sea and its mysteries.

References:

Wikipedia ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SEA POWER AND THE ORIGIN OF MARITIME FORCES By Gregory P. Gilbert Divers uncover worlds oldest harbor in Red Sea