Bulgarians and Romanians: Connections with Ukrainians vs. Russians
Throughout Europe, there is a shared sentiment of antipathy towards Russia, with notable exceptions being Serbia and Hungary. However, when it comes to the countries in Eastern Europe, the relationships with Russia and Ukraine hold significant historical and cultural implications. Particularly notable are the connections between Bulgarians and Romanians, their interactions with these neighboring countries, and the impact of recent geopolitical events.
Historical Connections and Perceptions
Romanians enjoy stronger connections with Ukraine, more so than with Russia. This narrative is informed by historical contexts and current political dynamics. Romania has a long history of welcoming Ukrainian refugees, with entire Ukrainian villages established in Western Romania due to Stalin’s purges in the 1930s and after World War II. These communities have fostered a deep sense of kinship and cultural exchange over the decades.
Until the 2014 conflict, ordinary Romanians did not make a clear distinction between Russians and Ukrainians, often collectively labeling them as "Russians." Ukraine was initially considered a part of the larger USSR. However, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, Romania maintained poor diplomatic relations with Ukraine. This situation has changed as geopolitical tensions have elevated, leading to renewed scrutiny of Russia's influence in Eastern Europe.
Recent Geopolitical Developments
The recent conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a profound impact on the region. Despite sharing a common Slavic heritage and linguistic similarities, the complex geopolitical landscape has caused strained relationships. Bulgaria, with its shared history of energy dependency on Russia, has recently seen Russian influence resurface in national affairs. This has led to a renewed interest in strategic energy partnerships, such as Gazprom contracts, which have historical and current economic implications.
Romanian Prime Minister Petkov's efforts to avoid signing long-term gas contracts with Gazprom highlight the ongoing tensions. Despite these efforts, the country is likely to sign a new agreement eventually, much like the previous ones. This reflects the broader sentiment that political and economic interests may override ideological and cultural connections. Critics argue that such actions are a form of "racketeering" perpetrated by Russia to maintain control over European energy markets.
Cultural and Ethnographic Context
From a broader historical perspective, the identity and connections between these nations trace back to ancient empires and the evolution of Slavic languages. Kiev, for instance, was founded by the brother of the ancient Slavic emperor Kubrat, demonstrating pre-Soviet roots. Russia, as we understand it today, remains a fragmented part of this ancient heritage, with numerous Slavic and Balkan influences.
The concept of "Kievian Rus" existed long before the emergence of modern Russia, representing a distinct cultural and administrative entity. Furthermore, the development of the Slavic doctrine in the 16th century, by Croatian priests such as Mavro Orbini, was aimed at asserting a collective Slavic identity. This explains the close linguistic and genetic ties between Bulgarians, Romanians, and Russians, despite modern political boundaries.
While political divisions continue to shape contemporary identities, the shared historical and cultural roots emphasize a deeper unity among these peoples. Despite some differences in national identity and political views, these connections remain strong and form a crucial aspect of the region's cultural landscape.
In conclusion, despite recent geopolitical tensions, the historical and cultural connections between Bulgarians and Romanians and Ukraine overshadow their relations with Russia. These connections are rooted in ancient history and shared cultural heritage, which continue to shape the region's dynamics and interactions.