India’s Forgotten Army: The British Indian Army in World War I and II

The Role of India in World War I and II

India, under British rule, played a significant, yet often overlooked, role in both World War I and World War II. Though India initially had no choice but to follow wherever the British invaded, the country's contributions expanded beyond mere participation to producing some of the finest warriors of the war.

During World War II, the British Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer army in human history, increasing from 200,000 men at the outset to over 2.5 million by 1945. This massive force fought in every theatre of the war, from the Battle of Britain to the jungles of Burma, alongside soldiers from the Commonwealth.

The British Indian Army in World War II

Volunteer Force

The British Indian Army's transformation from a small force to a large volunteer army is a remarkable story. Initially, the army numbered merely 200,000 men, but by the end of the war, it had grown to over 2.5 million. This expansion was driven by the overwhelming number of volunteers from the Indian subcontinent, demonstrating the patriotism and commitment of the Indian people to the Allied cause.

The Entry of Indian Volunteers

Early in the war, most Indian soldiers joined the British Indian Army in lower ranks. However, over time, the British realized the need for Indian officers, leading to the establishment of the prestigious Indian Military Academy (IMA) to train Indian cadets. The IMA aimed to produce leaders who would inspire and command Indian soldiers in the face of the enemy.

Military Academics and Victoria Cross Recipients

The British Indian Army produced many of the finest warriors of the war, including several Victoria Cross recipients. These brave soldiers hailed from diverse backgrounds and cultures but fought bravely alongside one another, demonstrating unity and commitment to the Allied cause.

The Battle of Britain and Asia

Indian pilots, the cream of an unimaginably deep recruitment pool, fought against the Japanese in the Battle of Britain and in Asia. By the end of the war, these volunteers had significantly weakened Japan's air force, turning the tide of the conflict in the region.

The Burma Campaign

The Burma Campaign, though lesser-known, was of epic proportions. British General Orde Wingate led an elite strike force known as the Chindits, consisting of Gurkha soldiers and Commonwealth forces. This force, composed of over one million volunteers, played a crucial role in reversing the Japanese advance on the Asian continent. Their tactics, including guerrilla warfare, proved effective in retaking hills and harassing Japanese forces.

Field Marshal Slim and the 14th Army

Field Marshal William Slim, commanding the 14th Army in Burma, encouraged his troops to stand firm and rely on air-dropped supplies. The Japanese, aware of the strength gained by the defenders, planned a final assault into Assam but were met with fierce resistance. The 14th Army, now confident in their air support, held their ground and fought every inch of the battle, ultimately pushing the Japanese back across the River Chindwin.

The Indian Division in North Africa

Indian soldiers also fought bravely in North Africa. Veterans of the Indian 4th Division tutted in disapproval at the misuse of the swastika, a symbol of divinity and spirituality in their homeland. Their actions and bravery during the North African campaign were not lost on their German counterparts.

Medals and Recognition

During both World War I and II, the British Indian Army earned numerous distinctions, including 17 Victoria Crosses in World War I and 31 in World War II. These medals serve as a testament to the courage and valor displayed by Indian soldiers during the most challenging conflicts of the 20th century.

Conclusion

India’s contributions to World War I and II were significant and often overlooked. From the small initial force to the largest all-volunteer army in history, Indian soldiers played a critical role in the Allied victory. Their bravery, dedication, and unity in the face of adversity have left an indelible mark on the pages of military history.