The Historical Divide Between Shia and Sunni Islam: Understanding the Key Differences and Influences

The division between Shia and Sunni Islam is a complex and enduring aspect of Islamic history. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Holy Quran, this division has significantly influenced the religious, social, and political landscape of the Muslim world for centuries. Understanding the historical events and factors that contributed to this division is crucial for grasping the nuances of these two major Islamic schools of thought.

What Shia and Sunni Mean in Islam

Before delving into the historical events and divisions, it is essential to understand the terms Shia and Sunni. The terms do not have a reference in the Quran itself. In Islam, the phrase Islām literally translates to submission to Allah. As per the Holy Quran, the only religion that was chosen by Allah is Islam, signifying complete surrender to the will of the Creator. The Holy Quran asserts, 'Verily, the religion with Allah is Islam' (Surah Al-Imran, verse 19).

Who is considered a Muslim? According to the Quran, a Muslim is someone who submits or surrenders to Allah. This is supported by numerous verses in the Quran, such as Surah Ha-Mim-Sajda verse 33, Surah Zumar verse 11, and Surah Al-Imran verse 102. However, the specific division between Shia and Sunni is not mentioned in the Quran.

Historical Context and the Roots of Division

The roots of the Shia-Sunni divide can be traced back to early Islamic history. Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, holds a significant place in Shia Islam. Mumin Khan suggests that the early followers of the Prophet had different affiliations or attachments, some to Ali and some to other Sahaba. The question of who succeeded the Prophet after his passing also became a point of contention. The practical division began with the death of the Prophet Muhammad, as the community was divided over the choice of a successor.

The Selection of Rashidun Caliphs

According to Sunni tradition, the first four caliphs, known as the Rashidun Caliphs, were chosen through a consensus. They were:Abu BakrUmar ibn KhattabUthman ibn AffanAli ibn Abi TalibMany Shias believe that these caliphs were selected by the Umma (community) and were not divinely ordained.

The Acceptance of Ali and Other Sahaba

It is important to note that during the Prophet’s lifetime, the Sahaba were respected and revered by both the Shia and Sunni communities. The association with Ali during the Prophet’s time was concerned with personal devotion and was not a seismic shift in the structure of the Muslim community. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims believe that the Sahaba were chosen by and for the ultimate guidance and salvation of the Muslim nation.

Contemporary Reconciliation Efforts

Despite the division, there have been efforts towards reconciliation and unity. For instance, the story of the Indian Hyderabadi Shia and Sunni families arranging marriages without bias is a testament to the potential for overcoming historical divides and promoting interfaith harmony. This example highlights that while historical differences persist, local communities and individuals can work towards peaceful coexistence and mutual respect.

Conclusion

While the Islamic world is fundamentally united in its submission to Allah, the division between Shia and Sunni Islam remains a significant point of interest and discussion. Understanding the historical context and the key events that contributed to this division is crucial for promoting mutual respect and fostering a more unified Muslim community.