The Nazi Escape to South America: How Did They Get There?
Immediately following World War II, a troubling chapter in history emerged when various Nazi war criminals managed to flee Europe and find refuge in South America, primarily in Argentina. This article delves into the mechanisms and strategies used by these ex-Nazis to leave Europe and establish themselves in South America.
Escape Routes and Strategies
During and immediately following World War II, the Nazis used various methods to bypass restrictive emigration laws and reach South America, particularly Argentina. These methods included travel by ship, overland journeys, and even rudimentary air travel. One of the primary means of transportation was by ship, as most European ports remained open, albeit with increased scrutiny.
By Ship
Most of the Nazis who managed to escape Europe did so by sea, traveling to South America primarily via Argentina. The Argentine government, sympathetic to Nazi ideals, often turned a blind eye to the escape of former Nazi officials. With forged documents and new, fabricated identities, these ex-Nazis moved to other South American countries, often settling in areas with cooler climates and topographical similarities to their former homeland.
Overland Journeys and Air Travel
Although by ship was a common route, overland journeys were also used, especially by those who found sympathetic host countries along the route. Some ex-Nazis flew into South America, taking advantage of rudimentary air travel routes and airships to reach their destinations. The development of commercial air travel later provided yet another method, though it was largely unnecessary until the post-war era.
Argentina: The Preferred Destination
Argentina was the preferred destination for many Nazi criminals, particularly those facing war crimes charges. The reasoning behind this was multifaceted. The stark, mountainous terrain reminiscent of the Fatherland contrasted with the subtropical climate of Brazil, making it an attractive option for those seeking refuge. Additionally, Argentina's government, under the rule of President Juan Domingo Peron, had a favorable inclination towards totalitarian regimes, including Nazi Germany.
Attractive Factors in Argentina
Argentina offered several advantages as a haven for Nazi exiles. Firstly, its good weather and malleable political regime made it an ideal environment for those wishing to lay low. The government's open financial persuasion, coupled with lenient law enforcement and vast, sparsely populated regions, provided ample space for these individuals to hide. The lack of a significant Jewish population in Argentina meant that the ex-Nazis would not face immediate persecution or extradition demands.
Historical Context
Interestingly, Argentina's openness to ex-Nazis played a role even in the 1978 FIFA World Cup Finals, where Argentina, as hosts, demonstrated their stance by beating Holland in the final. This victory was seen as a statement of solidarity and support for the country's autocratic regime.
The Boys from Brazil Documentary
To further understand the various methods and personalities involved in this escape, consider the 1978 documentary "The Boys from Brazil," which delves deeply into the Nazi exiles who made their way to South America, including Josef Mengele, a notorious doctor of the SS.
Conclusion
The exodus of Nazi criminals to South America during and after World War II remains a dark chapter of history. Their journeys involved diverse methods, varying from sea voyages to overland travel and rudimentary air travel. Argentina, in particular, proved to be an attractive destination due to its favorable climate, political environment, and government policies. Understanding these historical movements not only provides a glimpse into the post-war world but also underscores the complexities of human migration and the enduring impact of global conflicts.