The Rise of Alfred: How He Became King of Wessex and the History of Wessex Before Alfred
Wessex, the once-powerful kingdom in the southern part of England, has a long and storied history. One of its most notable figures is Alfred the Great, who ruled from 871 to 899. This article explores the reigns of previous kings of Wessex, the involvement of the Jutes, Frisians, and Alfred's own journey to the throne. We will also delve into the writings of Asser, the biographer of Alfred, and how they contribute to our understanding of Wessex's past.
The Early History of Wessex
Wessex's origins can be traced back to the fifth century, when Germanic tribes migrated to England and established control over parts of the country. Among these tribes were the Jutes and the Frisians, who settled in Wessex and played a significant role in its early development.
Kingdom of the Jutes and Frisians
The Jutes, a Germanic tribe, are believed to have established an earlier kingdom in Wessex. They were renowned for their seafaring skills and were among the earliest to settle in the region. The Frisians, another Germanic tribe, also had a presence in this area. They were known for their agricultural practices and contributed to the colonization and settlement of the region.
Previous Kings of Wessex
Before Alfred the Great became king, Wessex was ruled by several regal figures who contributed to the historical narrative. Let us explore the lives of these rulers:
Earlier Kings of Wessex
Wessex had a number of early kings who left their mark on history. One of these was Cerdic, often considered the founder of the West Saxon kingdom. He is said to have arrived in Britain with his followers in the early fifth century, establishing himself as the first king of Wessex.
Following Cerdic, other kings held power, including Ceawlin, who reigned from 560 to 592. His reign was marked by conflict with the Romans and the rise of Anglo-Saxon dominance in England. Another notable figure was Ine, who reigned from 688 to 726. Ine was known for his contributions to law and order, enacting the famous laws known as the Ine's Laws, which laid the foundation for English legal systems.
Before Alfred, Wessex was ruled by his father Ethelwulf and two of his elder brothers, Ethelbarn and Ethelbald. Ethelwulf reigned from 839 to 858, and his sons succeeded him in a relatively short succession. Ethelbarn ruled from 858 to 860, while Ethelbald ruled from 860 to 865. The third brother, who also reigned briefly, predeceased Ethelwulf.
Asser’s Biography of Alfred
Our understanding of Alfred's life and reign owes much to the work of Asser, the Bishop of Winchester. Asser wrote a detailed account of Alfred's life during his lifetime, providing valuable insight into the king's policies, achievements, and personal characteristics. This work serves as a primary source for historians studying both Alfred and the history of Wessex.
Asser’s Account of Alfred
Asser, in his biography, emphasizes Alfred's scholarly pursuits, his dedication to learning, and his commitment to the well-being of his people. Asser describes how Alfred underwent a transformation from a troubled youth to a wise and just ruler. This transformation is a significant aspect of Alfred's legacy and has been widely studied and discussed by scholars.
Alfred's Struggle for the Throne and His Reign
Alfred came into the throne during a tumultuous period in English history. The Viking invasions were at their height, and Wessex was under constant threat. Despite this, Alfred managed to turn the tide and defend the kingdom. His strategic skills and military prowess played a crucial role in defending Wessex and driving back the aggressors.
Alfred's reign was marked by both military victories and political strategies. He initiated measures to strengthen his kingdom's defenses, such as the establishment of a network of fortified settlements known as burhs. These burhs not only strengthened Wessex's fortifications but also served as centers of trade and administration. Additionally, Alfred sought to establish a more stable and prosperous society by focusing on education, law, and Christianity.
Legacy of Wessex
The legacy of Wessex extends beyond its military prowess and political influence. The groundwork laid by the early kings and Alfred the Great contributed significantly to the development of England as a unified nation. Wessex played a vital role in the establishment of English law, language, and culture.
Conclusion
From the early settlement of Jutes and Frisians to the reign of Alfred the Great, Wessex's history is a fascinating tale of conflict, cultural exchange, and political transformation. The contributions of its earlier rulers, combined with Alfred's reforms and military strategies, have shaped the course of English history. As we study the early rulers and the Jutes and Frisians, we gain a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of England's past.