The Signatories of the Canadian Constitution: A Historical Insight
The signing of the Canadian Constitution is a significant moment in the nation's history, but the details of who actually signed it can be somewhat confusing. This article delves into the nuances and provides clarity on the individuals involved, exploring the historical context and the complexities surrounding the act of signing.
Who Signed the Constitution?
The Constitution Act 1982 was a pivotal moment in Canadian governance, but it's important to note that no single document was signed. Instead, it was the culmination of two parts: the Constitution Act 1982 and the Constitution Act 1867. These were both Acts of Parliament, passed by the Canadian Parliament's two Houses. Furthermore, some parts of the Canadian Constitution are unwritten, making the concept of a singular "signing" even more abstract.
Signatories of the Proclamation
While no one signed the Constitution Act itself, there is officially a Proclamation that gives the Act its legal authority. This Proclamation, which is considered a part of the Constitution, was signed by Queen Elizabeth II, the then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and the other four signatories: Jean Chrétien, the Minister of Justice, and André Ouellet, the Registrar General of Canada.
Different Perspectives on the Signatories
Some have suggested that the Constitution Act 1867 was signed by Queen Victoria and the Constitution Act 1982 was signed by Queen Elizabeth II. However, while Queen Victoria did give the 1867 Act Royal Assent, it is more accurate to say that she did so via written declaration. Whether it is correct to refer to this as a "signing" is open to interpretation.
A Complicated Historical Event
The Proclamation of the Constitution Act 1982 was a complex and politically charged event. It was signed on April 17, 1982, by Queen Elizabeth II, Pierre Trudeau, Jean Chrétien, André Ouellet, and several other officials. This moment was the result of significant negotiations and compromises, including those made by the then-Premiers of the provinces, except for the Premier of Quebec, who did not sign it.
The Historical Significance
The signing of the Canadian Constitution in 1982 was a long and dramatic process. The Constitution Act 1982 was a response to speeches from the throne in 1980 and 1981, which sought to reform and update the Canadian Constitution. The negotiations that led to the final document were intense and complex, involving the federal government and all provincial Premiers, with the exception of Quebec's Premier.
The "Night of the Long Knives"
The negotiations leading up to the signing were so intense that they have been referred to as "la nuit des long couteaux," literally "the night of the long knives," which is a metaphor for backstabbing or betrayal. This phrase derives from a historical event where political leaders turned against each other, much like what transpired during the negotiations for the Canadian Constitution.
Trudeau, in his campaign for constitutional reform, promised to make Canadians "reasonable" and to give French Canadians their "place under the sun." However, when the constitutional negotiations unfolded, Quebec's position was effectively diminished, moving towards a more centralized model of governance. Quebec, in turn, felt that its autonomy was being undermined, leading to a referendum for its independence in 1980.
The Frustration of Quebec
Quebec has never officially signed the Canadian Constitution and has repeatedly sought to negotiate its adherence. Two national conferences have been held to discuss this, but neither has been successful. For many Quebecers, the imposed Canadian Constitution is seen as a constraint, rather than a choice. This perceived imposition has fueled ongoing political debates and tensions, underscoring the historical and social significance of the signing of the Canadian Constitution.
Understanding the context of the signing of the Canadian Constitution helps to appreciate the complexities of Canadian politics and the enduring influence of historical events on modern governance. Whether it be the signed Proclamation or the many negotiations that led to its ratification, the process reflects the nation's journey towards self-determination and national unity.