Why Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino, and Iceland Are Not EU Members
As of 2023, not all European countries are part of the European Union (EU). This article explores the reasons why Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino, and Iceland remain outside the EU. We will delve into the political, economic, and historical factors that have influenced these decisions.
Why They Never Applied
Some countries, like Iceland, applied for EU membership but chose to stay outside for various reasons. For others, such as Andorra and San Marino, there was never an application process initiated due to historical reasons:
Andorra, San Marino, Liechtenstein, and Iceland: The absence of formal applications for EU membership can be attributed to a variety of factors. For instance, these countries may feel that their current political and economic structures are sufficient, and they do not see the need to integrate further. Additionally, historical ties and unique local contexts have played a significant role in their decision-making.
Protecting Specific Status
For many of these countries, preventing the loss of their specific status is a key concern. The rules for acquiring citizenship in these small states are different from those of the EU. In some cases, these countries have implemented measures to protect their sovereignty and unique systems:
Andorra: Andorra has a historical and cultural connection to both France and Spain. It has a co-principality, which complicates its relationship with the EU. Despite having a customs union with the EU, it has not sought full membership due to a desire to maintain its sovereignty and unique tax system.
Monaco: Monaco is a small principality known for its wealth and tourism. Its special relationship with France, its use of the euro, and its focus on maintaining financial and tax policies are key reasons it has not sought full EU membership.
Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area (EEA) but not the EU. It retains its independence in economic policies, particularly in finance and taxation, by choosing not to join the EU. While it benefits from access to the EU market, it controls its own laws.
San Marino: San Marino, one of the world's oldest republics, has a historical connection to Italy. It has a customs agreement with the EU and uses the euro, but it has not pursued full EU membership for reasons of sovereignty and limited economic scale.
Preference of Their Citizens
Another significant factor is the preferences of the citizens of these countries. Many of these micro-states enjoy a high quality of life and cultural heritage that they are not willing to compromise by joining the EU:
Iceland: Iceland has choice and flexibility as a member of the EEA. Despite considering EU membership, there have been internal debates about sovereignty, fisheries management, and economic implications. These factors have led Iceland to remain outside the EU, maintaining its current status within the EEA.
Conclusion
These countries often prioritize sovereignty, unique economic situations, and historical contexts, leading them to opt for different forms of cooperation with the EU rather than full membership. Each country has its reasons, from the desire to maintain sovereignty to the protection of unique local systems. Whether they are members or not, they continue to contribute to the rich tapestry of European politics and culture.