Why People Chose Candles Over Oil Lamps in Ancient Times

In ancient times, the choice between burning candles and oil lamps changed based on various factors such as materials availability, ease of use, portability, safety, and light quality. Understanding the reasons behind this preference can provide insights into the lives and practices of people in those eras.

Materials and Availability

When it came to lighting in ancient times, candles were often made from readily available materials like beeswax, tallow (animal fat), or plant-based waxes. These materials could be easier to source and produce in certain regions, making them a more viable option than the oils required for oil lamps. For instance, in areas where olive oil was scarce, candles made from other locally abundant resources became a more practical choice.

Ease of Use

Candles were generally considered simpler to use than oil lamps. Unlike oil lamps, which required a wick to be soaked in oil, candles did not need a separate reservoir for the fuel. This made candles a more straightforward and convenient option for everyday lighting, reducing the complexity involved in maintaining a light source.

Portability

Portability was another key factor in the preference for candles. They could be easily carried and placed in different locations without the risk of spilling oil, making them ideal for travel or outdoor use. This mobility made candles a more versatile choice for ancient people, who needed a reliable source of light that could be taken on the go.

Safety

Candles were less likely to spill and cause fires, making them safer than oil lamps. The enclosed flame of a candle reduced the risk of accidental ignition compared to the open flame of an oil lamp. This safety feature was particularly important in religious and ceremonial contexts, where the risk of fire was a significant concern.

Light Quality

Some people preferred the softer, steadier light produced by candles, especially when compared to the flickering light of oil lamps. While oil lamps could be affected by drafts and wind, candles often provided a more consistent and comfortable illumination. This superior light quality was sometimes attributed to the material used, as beeswax candles were noted for their pleasant aroma and clear light.

Cultural and Ritual Significance

In many cultures, candles held religious and ceremonial significance. They were used in specific contexts beyond mere illumination, such as in religious rituals and ceremonies. This cultural significance added another layer of importance to candles, distinguishing them from the more utilitarian oil lamps.

Cost and Local Considerations

The cost of materials also played a role in the choice between candles and oil lamps. In some societies, the production of candles was less expensive than maintaining oil lamps, especially in areas where necessary oils were scarce or costly. Additionally, the availability of different oils due to local practices and economies further influenced the choice.

For example, in coastal areas where fish oil was reasonably plentiful, oil lamps were a popular choice. In areas where olive oil was an everyday staple, such as around the Mediterranean, oil lamps were favored for their long-lasting ability, which was particularly advantageous for rituals that might last all night. A large enough oil lamp could last as long as needed, while smaller oil lamps could be refueled during the burning process.

Despite these advantages, candles had their own unique benefits. The scent and quality of the light from candles were generally considered superior to that of oil lamps. Reports suggest that fish oil lamps and vegetable oil lamps were not as pleasant to use, and tallow, while not the most fragrant, was often favored for its quality of light.

In summary, the choice between candles and oil lamps in ancient times was influenced by a variety of factors, from practical considerations like ease of use and portability to cultural and ritual significance. Each option offered distinct advantages, and the final choice often depended on local resources, cultural practices, and practical needs.